The World Health Organization (WHO) has set out the main health and lifestyle factors that raise the risk of infertility, in its first global guideline on prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
Guidance, published on Saturday, says many causes of infertility are preventable if identified early.
WHO estimates infertility affects around one in six people of reproductive age worldwide.
Here are the key risk factors:
1. Certain menstrual conditions
Irregular, absent or painful periods can signal ovulation problems and underlying health issues. WHO advises early clinical assessment to improve outcomes.
2. Being underweight or overweight
Body weight outside the healthy range disrupts hormone balance and ovulation. Maintaining a balanced diet and regular physical activity is recommended for anyone planning pregnancy.
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3. Tobacco use
Smoking damages reproductive health in both men and women and reduces success rates of fertility treatment. Guideline calls for stronger cessation support in primary care.
4. Some medical treatments
Cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy can affect fertility. WHO urges health systems to provide information and fertility preservation options before treatment begins.
Guideline also points to untreated sexually transmitted infections as a leading preventable cause. WHO says countries should include fertility education in schools, primary care and reproductive health services.
"Prevention and treatment of infertility must be grounded in gender equality and reproductive rights," said Dr Pascale Allotey in 2025 guideline.
Allotey is Director of WHO’s Department of Sexual, Reproductive, Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing.
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